5G is the fifth generation of wireless communication technology supporting cellular networks. From GSM (2G) through to LTE (4G), each generation addresses technical challenges not overcome by its predecessor. As with previous generations, 5G requires new mobile devices and new base stations (BTS).Unlike previous generations, the use of radio beams in 5G requires completely new approaches with regard to the compliance, coverage, and quality of service testing.The new air interface is called 5G NR ("new radio"). This application note describes the measurement challenges of 5G NR and makes clear the benefits of using a monitoring receiver for measuring 5G signals.Real-world examples explain how to perform various key 5G measurements. The final section covers further 5G measurement possibilities using R&S products. "Over-the-air" (OTA) measurements are essential in 5G. This means staff from regulators and operators must work in unknown radio environments that vary according to location (e.g. urban or suburban) and mission (e.g. 5G BTS compliance testing or interference hunting). Measurement equipment must operate in a wide range of scenarios (close to the mast and far from the mast) and offer user-friendly functionality that enables the required measurements.Considering current global deployment trends, this paper focuses on the FR1 frequency band (sub 6 GHz).

Jun 07, 2021 | AN-No. 1SL366

This application Note is based on CMW500, SMBV100B and Vector CANoe.Car2x Software and guides to how to simulate the specific Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything (C-V2X) wireless environment in respect to road transport scenarios and transmitted messages around the Device Under Test (DUT) like a Telematics Control Unit (TCU). It shows how to verify and validate the C-V2X application of the DUT in laboratory environment. The virtual simulation scenario is not limited to the requirements of CSAE53-2017 specification, and it could be modified by user according to this operating guide with CANoe.Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) is a new generation of information and communications technologies that connect vehicles to everything. The objective of V2X is to increase road safety and manage traffic efficiently.C-V2X is designed to offer low-latency vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-roadside infrastructure (V2I) and vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P) communications services to add a new dimension to future advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS). C-V2X as one communications standard defined by 3GPP in Release 14 uses LTE technology as the physical interface for communications. The standard describes two types of communications. The vehicle-to-network (V2N) communications type, exploits the cellular Uu interface, uses traditional cellular link to enable cloud services to be integrated into end-to-end solutions, e.g. to allow road and traffic information for a given area to be distributed to the vehicles.The second type is referred to as direct or PC5/Sidelink (V2V, V2I, V2P) communications, where data transmission takes place over the PC5 interface. In that type, C-V2X does not necessarily require a cellular network infrastructure. It can operate without a SIM and without network assistance and uses GNSS as its primary source for time synchronization.Verifying system functionality and performance exclusively by field testing in a real-world environment can be time-consuming, costly and very challenging. Requirements regarding functionality, and consequently the required assistance functions, are constantly changing. Due to this fact, test solutions are needed during the development and introduction phase to verify compliance with the standards. The PC5 direct communications type allows exchange of time sensitive and safety relevant information. Using a mobile communication tester like the R&S® CMW500 together with a C-V2X scenario simulation tool delivers reproducible test scenarios. This is essential for the standardization of verification processes for C-V2X in order to obtain reliable and comparable results, and it helps to demonstrate that end-to-end functionality between two C-V2X devices from different vendors works properly.

Jun 02, 2021 | AN-No. GFM341

Primer

A power sensor is a fundamental measurement tool in RF engineering. However, today's marketplace is filled with myriad choices, and many are making bold claims about attributes such as measurement speed and readings per second. As a result, it can be difficult to cut through the hyperbole and determine which sensor will actually meet the requirements of a specific measurement.This primer outlines the basics of RF power sensors and highlights a few key characteristics that will help you select the best one for each application. The narrative has three parts. First, we focus on choosing the right type of sensor: multipath, wideband, average power and thermal can satisfy slightly different measurement needs. The second section covers the five major attributes of sensor performance, and what to look for relative to your requirements. Finally, we outline three ways to integrate a sensor into your measurement application.

May 26, 2021

The test case wizard enables the signal generator to set up all required parameters for conformance testing of 5G NR base stations in no time with just a few clicks.

May 25, 2021

The UWB (Ultra-Wide Band) technology is a low power wide-band technology specified for device to device communication.It is an optimal RF positioning technology that enables accurate and secure peerto-peer distance measurement between mobile devices with robust resistance to interference while consuming very low energy and coexisting well with other radio communication systems.This application note describes how to use the UWB measurement functionality provided by R&S®CMP200 radio communication tester to perform HRP UWB PHY measurements for R&D and production purposes.

May 19, 2021 | AN-No. GFM362

Secondary surveillance radar (SSR) bridges the gap between communications systems and classic radar systems. Despite the increasing capabilities of mobile communications, SSR remains a major component in airspace surveillance. State-of-the-art methods such as Mode S reply enhance SSR with broadcast-like capabilities and enable airports in remote locations to surveil the airspace even if no radar is available. More advanced techniques such as automatic dependent surveillance broadcast (ADS-B) utilize the infrastructure provided by a Mode S reply transponder to provide even more information for ground control and other aircraft.

May 17, 2021

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) uses radar wavelengths for airborne or spaceborne ground mapping. The resolution of the SAR ground map depends on the range and cross-range SAR processing resolution. Cross-range resolution is determined by integrating pulses along a flight path for a period of time to create a synthetic aperture. Longer synthetic apertures result in finer cross-range resolution. Range resolution is achieved by radar waveform bandwidth in the form of a linear frequency modulated (LFM) chirp. Wider bandwidth enables finer range resolution.

Apr 16, 2021

This document provides information on how to perform manual testing based on current R&S TA-TRS QuickStep V4.05 platform in order to adapt to the new released EN 303 345 for broadcast sound receivers. It serves as a bridged document before new standard software package released by R&S for upgrade.

Apr 14, 2021

本应用指南由测试与测量专家罗德与施瓦茨联合新罕布什尔大学互操作性实验室 (UNH-IOL) 共同制定，描述了相关实现方法 (MOI) 以使用罗德与施瓦茨的矢量网络分析仪测试设备根据 InfiniBand 标准（最高符合数据率指示器 HDR）精确、快速、无差错地执行高速电缆和背板一致性测试。

4月 07, 2021 | AN-No. GFM357

本应用指南由测试与测量专家罗德与施瓦茨联合新罕布什尔大学互操作性实验室 (UNH-IOL) 共同制定，描述了相关实现方法 (MOI) 以使用罗德与施瓦茨的矢量网络分析仪测试设备根据 IEEE 802.3 标准（最高符合 802.3ck 规范）精确、快速、无差错地执行高速电缆和背板一致性测试。

4月 07, 2021 | AN-No. GFM356

Analyzing high speed datacom interfaces is an important task and ensures signal integrity. One major challenge of this analysis is the connection between the physical interface and the oscilloscope, as most of the datacom interfaces do not provide test connections suitable for RF. A test fixture is required as a bridge between the high speed datacom IF and the RF connector of the oscilloscope, but this will affect the signal integrity measurement. The R&S®RTP and R&S®RTO2000 oscilloscopes with the advanced jitter option can analyze and separate jitter contributions. Additionally, the option can evaluate the impact of test fixtures and traces inherently and give the user a good understanding of the impact of their test setup.

Mar 31, 2021

This application note introduces the reader to the SpaceX Hyperloop Pod Competition project and their special demands for the electrical drive train. Common motor technology like brushless motors and their typical control methods widely used in the industry are also discussed within this document.However, the main focus of this paper is a demonstration of a power measurement method of a three-phase inverter by means of a 4-channel oscilloscope. Not only the theory of the power measurement is presented but also the conducted measurement is presented including tips and tricks to obtain the best measurement results.The measurement solution provided by Rohde & Schwarz was mandatory for the TUM Hyperloop team to overcome challenges in optimization of the electrical drive train used in the SpaceX Hyperloop Pod Competition project.Many thanks to Mr. Johannes Ungar and Faruk Centinkaya (TUM Hyperloop) for contributing significantly to this application note. By combining their expertise in electrical drive trains used in the Hyperloop Project and with a Test & Measurement solution from Rohde & Schwarz, we have achieved synergies that will be beneficial for any design and test engineers in the industry.

Mar 31, 2021 | AN-No. GFM360

应用指南系列解释了如何使用商用现成的信号发生器和软件在实验室的射频环境中测试预警接收机，本应用指南属于该系列的一部分。该系列涵盖所有相关用例。本应用指南将讨论威胁模拟和验证。系列中的其他应用指南将介绍校准和验证多通道装置以模拟到达角、通过脉冲描述字 (PDW) 流式传输在硬件在环 (HIL) 环境中生成雷达信号，以及自动创建威胁并进行排序。

3月 23, 2021 | AN-No. 1GP123

从设计测试装置到执行准确测量

双脉冲测试是功率电子设计中使用的一种标准测试方法。准确的测量需要精心设计测试装置并选择合适的测量仪器。本应用指南讨论了双脉冲测试装置的重要信息和如何执行准确测量。

3月 22, 2021 | AN-No. GFM347

相位差是测量测向 (DF) 场景时的关键参数。分析 DF 设备时，需要先测定相位差，然后再测量方位等其他参数。R&S®VSE-K6A 多通道脉冲分析软件和罗德与施瓦茨示波器相结合，即使在恶劣环境中也能利用测试设备的高级触发功能测量相位差。

3月 02, 2021

源测量单元 R&S®NGU401 和 R&S®NGU201 能够精确测量亚微安到安培范围内的电流。本应用指南介绍了一种工具，可利用仪器的任意功能生成电压或电流扫描。快速日志能够在扫描期间捕获电压和电流值。然后，应用程序会测定每个扫描步骤的电压和电流值，并将结果绘制成伏安曲线。此工具可用于测量二极管、LED 和太阳能板等所有双极设备的特性。本应用指南还可与直流电源 R&S®NGM201 和 R&S®NGM202 结合使用。

2月 15, 2021 | AN-No. 1GP129

本应用指南介绍为 R&S®NGM200 电源创建除 NGM-K106 电池模拟选件提供的标准模型之外的其他电池模型。这主要是为了使用内部 QuickArb 功能逐步使电池或可充电电池放电。然后可以使用快速数据记录功能 FastLog 记录电池的放电情况。记录的数据存储在 .CSV 文件中。此文件调整后可作为电池模型用于 R&S®NGM200 的电池模拟模式。为此，罗德与施瓦茨为开发人员提供工具，让他们的工作更加简单轻松。此工具可以计算电池模型需要的所有数据。

2月 15, 2021 | AN-No. 1GP128

示波器越来越多地被用于分析脉冲信号，例如航空航天和国防以及汽车电子应用中的雷达信号。示波器具备出色的分析带宽和多种触发功能，非常适用于满足这些应用在更高带宽和准确检测信号方面日益增长的需求。R&S®VSE 矢量信号分析软件功能强大，能够综合分析各种信号，并为罗德与施瓦茨示波器的高级触发系统提供全面支持。调整触发设置可以隔离脉冲和脉冲序列，并使用 R&S®VSE 矢量信号分析软件进行全面的脉冲分析。

2月 03, 2021

依据 TS 38.141-1 第 16 版规范

3GPP TS 38.141 技术规范定义了 5G NR 基站 (BS) 的射频 (RF) 一致性测试方法和要求。本应用指南描述了如何使用罗德与施瓦茨的信号或频谱分析仪通过手动操作或远程控制操作快速、方便地执行 TS 38.141-1 第 16 版规范第 6 章规定的所有必要的射频发射机测试。部分测试用例需要额外使用罗德与施瓦茨的信号生成设备。本应用指南还提供示例软件库，以便展示基站测试的相关远程控制方法。示例按原样提供，并需要使用 R&S®Quickstep。

1月 27, 2021 | AN-No. GFM313

现代预警系统的开发过程复杂且成本高昂，需要在所有开发阶段根据全部的要求彻底进行测试。为了控制成本，在实验室进行系统级测试非常重要且具有若干优势：能够根据要求多次在完全相同的条件下复制测试用例。实验室中的系统级测试通常在硬件在环 (HIL) 环境中执行。本应用指南阐述了利用 R&S®SMW200A 生成雷达信号以用于硬件在环测试，并介绍了 HIL 测试和 R&S®SMW200A 的实时操作信息。指南还描述了硬件和软件接口、脉冲描述字 (PDW) 格式以及同步和定时机制，并包含各种示例场景和详细的中间计算信息。应用指南还说明了在多个并行 PDW 传输流上使用多个发射机进行高级 PDW 流式传输的系统要求信息。

1月 22, 2021 | AN-No. 1GP124

专业的桌面解决方案

1月 15, 2021

执行电源预一致性测量需要使用线路阻抗稳定网络 (LISN) 以获得可与限值进行对比的测量结果。尽管 LISN 是所有预一致性测量实验室的标配，但早期的研发测试一般没有可用的 LISN。如果您不要求非常精确的测量结果，只需使用简单工具进行调试，则可以自行构建 LISN。罗德与施瓦茨示波器具有强大的 FFT 分析功能，适合在开发过程中优化 EMI 滤波器或调试无用发射。

1月 14, 2021

基于 SCPI 命令序列

MINX 表示测量 (M ) 仪器 (I ) 网络 (N ) 资源管理器 (X )，是罗德与施瓦茨开发用于 LAN 和 USB 测试与测量设备的快捷、非侵入式发现和配置软件。MINX 可适用于不同型号或制造商的仪器，并通过直观的图形用户界面提供若干强大的配置、控制、结果收集和远程显示功能。测试或研究工程师能够快速设置一系列仪器来进行初始化、执行测量和下载结果。大学用户可以同时配置和管理多台仪器、复制仪器结果和保存班级设置。除了这些核心功能之外，MINX 还提供一种扩展机制，支持一键执行更为复杂的仪器操作。这种扩展功能以 SCPI 命令序列为基础。用户可以根据仪器添加这些命令序列，无需更新软件。本应用指南描述了不同类别的可扩展功能组。指南将介绍如何添加或编辑扩展功能，以及脚本必须符合哪种格式才能在 MINX 中直接可用。

1月 12, 2021 | AN-No. GFM344

在当今的物联网时代，越来越多的设备连接到本地网络，导致 IT 部门更加难以监控这些设备。罗德与施瓦茨仪器也愈加支持通过 LAN 接口进行访问，并提供远程桌面、SMB 文件传输或 Web 界面等便捷功能。为了更加方便地监控仪器的使用和状态，部分设备提供一款名为健康与使用监控服务 (HUMS) 的软件选件。HUMS 可以通过 SNMP 和 REST (HTTP) 访问，并详细提供关于一段时间内的健康状态和使用情况的所有必要信息。本应用指南描述如何访问 HUMS 和提供的数据内容。

1月 11, 2021 | AN-No. GFM336

过去几年，模数转换器 (ADC) 在速度和精度方面取得了巨大进步：此类设备支持高速视频处理乃至软件定义无线电 (SDR) 应用；这些应用在越来越高的中频 (IF) 下执行数字化流程。这显然提高了 ADC 测试设备的门槛，尤其是关于测试装置中使用的模拟输入信号和采样时钟源的噪声性能。R&S®SMA100B 单机提供适用于 ADC 模拟输入信号和时钟输入信号的输出，并确保出色的信号纯度。

1月 11, 2021 | AN-No. 1GP66

借助 Azure IoT 实现的简单概念

云开发、微服务架构和容器虚拟化变得愈加标准化。软件组件重新封装在容器中并彼此互联，随后被传到云中。在测试与测量领域，这个话题也变得更具吸引力。但是，现有的测量仪器有时甚至不提供互联网连接。您要如何将这些设备连接到云中？本文描述了如何使用 IoT 代理在仪器和云端之间建立远程连接。这种方法利用 Azure IoT Hub 和使用 .NET Core 框架的软件。

12月 15, 2020 | AN-No. GFM319

本文描述了通过用于与低功耗蓝牙 (Bluetooth® LE) 设备进行通信的广告信道进行 Bluetooth® LE 射频空口收发测量。借助 R&S®CMW-KD611 软件选件，R&S®CMW 测试仪无需在直接测试模式下进行操作即可执行大量的 Bluetooth® LE 射频测试。Bluetooth® 字标及徽标是 Bluetooth SIG, Inc. 所有的注册商标，罗德与施瓦茨对此类标志的任何使用都是在许可下进行的。

12月 14, 2020 | AN-No. 1C109

高精度双象限电源可生成电流分布并模拟电池

12月 10, 2020

滤波器调谐从未如此简单快捷。SynMatrix 高级计算机辅助调谐解决方案利用罗德与施瓦茨 R&S®ZNB 矢量网络分析仪，通过简单的指导实时优化滤波器。SynMatrix 解决方案提供功能丰富的图形用户界面以用于研发和实验室应用，并提供简化版以用于生产应用。

12月 03, 2020

依据 TS 38.141-1 第 15 版规范的传导一致性测试

3GPP TS 38.141 技术规范定义了 5G NR 基站 (BS) 的射频 (RF) 一致性测试方法和要求。本应用指南介绍了如何手动操作或远程控制罗德与施瓦茨的信号发生器，以便快速便捷地依据 TS 38.141-1 第 15 版规范执行规范第 7 章要求的所有必要的射频接收机测试。此外，一项测试用例还需要使用罗德与施瓦茨的信号或频谱分析仪，并在相应章节单独进行了重点描述。本指南还随附全新 Python 软件库，以便通过远程控制执行基站测试。示例按原样提供，并需要使用 RsInstrument 模块（可通过 pypi.org 获取或使用“pip”安装）。

12月 02, 2020 | AN-No. GFM314