In high-speed digital measurement applications, test fixtures are commonly used to connect devices under test to measurement equipment. Characterization, and analysis in the time and frequency domains that accounts for various constraints helps to remove the influence of these fixtures.

May 23, 2023 | AN-No. 1SL393

Next generation technologies in radar and satellite communication with high data rates call for innovative testing solutions to develop and manufacture RF components like voltage controlled oscillators (VCO). The R&S®FSPN phase noise analyzer increases efficiency and reproducibility of VCO characterization and phase noise measurements from lab to production.Voltage controlled oscillators are oscillators whose output frequency is controlled by means of an external tuning voltage, and they are used in a wide variety of electronic and RF applications like function generators, phase-locked loops including frequency synthesizers used in communication equipment. Different VCO design approaches yield different parameters and performance, and therefore it is important to measure or characterize VCOs under different conditions. This application note provides a short technical introduction to voltage controlled oscillators and explains the most common and the most important measurements made during the VCO characterization process.

May 17, 2023 | AN-No. 1SL386

The R&S®SK4105 HF high-power transmitter is ideal for air traffic service under harsh conditions such as those in Greenland

May 17, 2023

Validating switching converter stability is vital for any power supply design. Frequency loop and load transient responses are often used to ensure switching converter stability. Even as frequency loop response becomes more important to design validation, load transient response is still commonly used. Load transient response can also be enhanced by visualizing the positive duty cycle for pulse width modulation (PWM) signals over time. A modern oscilloscope can do this, while also helping identify unknown converter effects.

May 09, 2023

Using R&S®ELEKTRA Migration Tool

The R&S®ELEKTRA EMC test software is the successor of the R&S®EMC32 EMC measurement software. Like the R&S®EMC32 EMC measurement software, the R&S®ELEKTRA offers a solution that controls complete EMC systems and automates measurements on equipment under test (EUT) that is being tested for emissions (EMI) and immunity (EMS) compliance. It has more features and test types compared to R&S®EMC32.As both software platforms use different file formats, R&S®EMC32 users who upgrade their existing software to the R&S®ELEKTRA platform need to perform a file conversion before migrating their data to the R&S®ELEKTRA platform. This is done by using the R&S®ELEKTRA Migration Tool, which is installed automatically with each R&S®ELEKTRA installation.This Application Note describes how to use the R&S®ELEKTRA Migration Tool (version 4.4 onwards) for converting the backup data into the XML format that can be interpreted by the R&S®ELEKTRA software. It also provides recommended conversion steps (Chapter 5) and troubleshooting tips (Chapter 6). For instructions on migrating the data using R&S®ELEKTRA Migration Tool below version 4.4, refer to the R&S®ELEKTRA user manual. For better user experience, we recommend using the latest software version for migration.This Application Note does not describe the steps to backup data using the R&S®EMC32 or R&S®ES-SCAN software. For procedures on how to do so, refer to their respective manuals.

May 04, 2023 | AN-No. 1SL396

How to configure generic devices in R&S®ELEKTRA

R&S®ELEKTRA is able to communicate with many devices. Still, it is impossible to integrate drivers for all devices. Hence, R&S®ELEKTRA offers the possibility to integrate any device by configuring a generic driver. The configuration file contains commands that translate the language of the device for R&S®ELEKTRA and vice versa.

May 04, 2023 | AN-No. 1SL398

In this document we will describe in detail how to configure and perform path calibrations with AMS32-K81 in an ATS1500C, using an AREG800A.

May 03, 2023 | AN-No. 1SL399

The sweep tool has several R&S®NGU source measure unit functions for characterizing semiconductors.

May 02, 2023

Sporadic events and errors may occur when developing new measurement instruments and need to be taken into account in all design stages and analyses. The Rohde & Schwarz power supplies can precisely capture such sporadic events and errors.

May 02, 2023

Batteries are dynamic energy sources that diverge from ideal voltage sources. The R&S®NGM-K106 battery simulation option recreates battery models on the R&S®NGM200/NGU201 does far more than standard models.

May 02, 2023

The battery cycle tool has several charts that display collected data and can be used to characterize battery samples and create battery models.

May 02, 2023

The Rohde & Schwarz power consumption analysis tool helps evaluate power consumption data collected with Rohde & Schwarz power supplies.

May 01, 2023

Oscilloscope users consistently rate bandwidth, sample rate, and memory depth as the three most important specifications. Selecting an oscilloscope with deep memory can result in significant troubleshooting and debug time saving. This document provides the insight to allow readers to understand oscilloscope memory depth attributes, benefits, and determine how to consider when choosing your next oscilloscope.

May 01, 2023

Rohde & Schwarz has a tool that can configure all instruments and channels from one interface to maintain an overview of the states and measurement values for all channels.

Apr 28, 2023

DC power supplies from Rohde & Schwarz can be connected and configured for synchronized on/off switching of all channels across multiple power supplies in intricate and complex systems.

Apr 28, 2023

罗德与施瓦茨直流电源和 R&S®LCX LCR 表的以太网远程服务

4月 27, 2023

由于开关速度提高，EMI 成为现代功率电子的主要关注问题。时频相关性测量有助于在早期开发过程中优化门极驱动，并尽量减少电磁辐射。

4月 27, 2023

R&S®ZNA 矢量网络分析仪具备集成式本振输出和直接中频输入选件，是一款简单、经济高效的解决方案，适用于使用罗德与施瓦茨毫米波变频器进行双端口和四端口测量。

4月 27, 2023

Triggering is often overlooked as a key selection parameter until after the instrument is purchased. Digital triggering provides significant advantages over traditional oscilloscope analog triggering, and should be highly considered when choosing an oscilloscope. Newer oscilloscope architectures contain a single path shared by both the signal and triggering, known as digital triggering. This document provides the insight to allow readers to understand and compare digital triggering versus analog triggering.

Apr 24, 2023

谐波负载牵引测量探究潜在的设备效率，以确定最佳设计方案。

4月 17, 2023

校准和验证解决方案

超宽带 (UWB) 技术是针对未授权频段中设备间通信的近程宽带无线电技术。这是一种射频定位技术，能够准确安全地测量移动设备之间的对等距离、可靠地抵抗干扰、与其他无线电通信系统适当共存且能耗非常低。UWB 被广泛用于各种不同应用，例如资产跟踪、安全支付、个人追踪器、实时定位服务以及无钥匙车辆访问和启动等。ABI Research 预测，2026 年 UWB 设备的年出货量将超过 10 亿，届时几乎所有发运的智能手机都将支持 UWB 服务。UWB 设备和其他无线产品一样，一般可以采用两种方法进行测试：一种是传统的传导测试模式，测试与测量设备和被测设备 (DUT) 之间进行有线射频连接，另一种是使用空口 (OTA) 电波暗箱的 OTA 测试模式。考虑到成本、空间和复杂性问题以及能否直接接触产品的射频连接器，有时无法或无需执行传导测试。这种情况下必须采用 OTA 测试方法。OTA 测试还能够反映出被测设备在实际条件下的使用情况。本应用指南描述了 R&S® OTA 测试解决方案，涵盖在无线自动化测试 (WMT) 环境中执行的发射机 (Tx)、接收机 (Rx) 和飞行时间 (ToF) 测试。本指南的所有测量结果均基于恩智浦的 Trimension™ NCJ29D5 UWB 汽车电子 IC。

4月 12, 2023 | AN-No. 1SL394

高吞吐量是实现高效操作的关键生产指标。提高测试速度有助于降低每台设备的成本。R&S®PVT360A 性能矢量测试仪针对高速生产测试进行了优化。

4月 12, 2023

Getting started with IQ Streaming Application

The intention of this Application Note is to provide an overview of all necessary tasks for getting along with successful IQ Streaming. The necessary technical requirements are described as well as the streaming parameters of the IQ data stream. The general operation and basic setup of the MSR4 is described in the user manual and is not part of this document.

Mar 28, 2023 | AN-No. 1179.7104.02

电力电子电路不仅要具备主要功能，通常还需提供其他重要功能，例如能够连接子模块以满足系统设计要求。因此，电源设计涉及和微控制器的总线通信。设计容易变得更加复杂，可能会对传导发射测量造成不利影响。有时候，这些辅助功能会产生偶发性发射，导致难以查明和隔离发射源。具备快速 FFT 分析功能的仪器能够有效查找这些偶发性事件。

3月 03, 2023

R&S®CMX500 无线电通信测试仪非常适合分析移动设备的 VoNR 和 VoLTE 语音质量与性能。

2月 21, 2023

本文介绍了专门用于交直流电源转换器应用的铝电解电容器表征。应用指南将从使用寿命的角度探讨这种电容器技术的重要性，并说明其他电容器技术无法取代铝电解电容器的原因。指南将讨论电容器的不同老化效应。文中将展示不同交直流转换器应用的电容器使用情况。应用指南将使用模拟电路更加深入分析电容器，然后通过合适的测量演示开关电源 (SMPS) 实例。应用指南将阐述铝电解电容器的基础知识和相关理论，然后介绍关于电容、等效串联电阻 (ESR) 和纹波电流等电容器参数的重要测量。这包括使用示波器的在线测量。LCR 电桥可以提高测量准确性。指南将对比这两种测量方法。此外，应用指南将讨论并展示在线测量和电桥测量所需的测量硬件。最后，应用指南将展示两种不同的使用寿命计算方法，并通过实例对比不同方法的优缺点。感谢 Würth eiSos GmbH & Co. KG 的 Frank Puhane 先生提供的所有铝电解电容器样品和内置温度传感器的电容器成品，协助我完成所有测量。Frank Puhane 先生具备丰富的专业知识，为编写本应用指南提供了极大的帮助。

2月 07, 2023 | AN-No. 1SL388

雷达技术至关重要，推动实现未来先进车辆的全自主驾驶。雷达传感器可以提供关于周围交通环境的重要信息，或者监控车辆的内部情况。雷达传感器关乎安全，必须符合相应的规范和法规。

12月 12, 2022

离线交直流开关转换器没有单独的偏压电源以为控制集成电路供电。此设备增加了辅助初级绕组和离散组件以为控制电路供电。此类电路的验证工作非常重要，需要进行准确详尽的信号电平和定时测量。启动序列耗时较长，测量时需考虑这一点，并使用具备足够存储的仪器。

11月 23, 2022

本应用指南介绍为 R&S®NGM200 和 R&S®NGU201 创建除电池模拟选件 NGM-K106 和 NGU-K106 提供的标准模型之外的其他电池模型。创建电池模型时，需要完成几步操作。如要确定电池模型的参数，需要选择方法给电池放电、记录数据并据此计算模型。此软件可用于连接仪器、使用各种测量方法测量电池，并根据测量创建模型。这些模型可以使用电源进行模拟，进而创建数字孪生电池。这样可以在安全可重现的环境中创建测试场景。

11月 21, 2022 | AN-No. 1GP136

本应用指南分为两部分，首先概述了交直流转换原理。指南将展示用于不同功率电平的常见电路。应用指南将主要介绍电子设备中常见的开关电源 (SMPS) 转换器。指南将重点介绍不同的反激变换器设计。但是，所有测量同样适用于更高功率电平条件下的其他 SMPS 转换器设计。第二部分将重点说明交直流变换器的相关测试方法和程序。每个测试章节将先讨论基础原理，然后展示合适的测量方法。第二部分的被测设备 (DUT) 为黑盒设备，因此结构相似。测试章节将包含输入测试方法、输出测试方法和效率等。部分交直流转换器输出测试（例如输出纹波验证测试）同样适用于直流-直流开关转换器。

11月 14, 2022 | AN-No. 1SL387