With all these new flexibilities introduced with 5G, the radio access has become more complex to understand and analyze. More network interfaces and RAN configuration parameters have to be managed and the RAN and in particular the connection control, mobility and measurement reporting are decisive for the network performance. It will be vital for the system experts and radio engineers to gain knowledge and evolve their methods and tools to facilitate the work to optimize and troubleshoot 5G and 4G RAN performance. Thus, tools are needed that allow for easier understanding of the message flows in the radio protocols. The R&S®ROMES4 KPIs and Smart Events will help doing the work much easier and quicker. They are defined for a key set of LTE, EN-DC and NR RRC connection control and mobility procedures where the performance is crucial to achieve high quality network performance. Trouble shooting problematic cases and optimization of RAN protocols are key drivers to improve the mobile network performance with R&S®ROMES4.

Jun 28, 2022 | AN-No. 8NT06

Autonomous and semi-autonomous vehicles rely on a complex hardware and software architecture to gather and exploit information from numerous radar sensors. To generate reliable data, the sensors require an unobstructed view of the surroundings. The bumpers or radomes mounted in front of the sensors must not impair radar functionality. This requires extensive testing of the deployed plastic parts and their underlying polymer structure. The R&S®QAR50 is the ideal tool to characterize the material properties of polymers and their influence on the quality of the radar signal at an early design stage and in quality control of material development.

Jun 24, 2022

The validated UWB PHY test suite for the R&S®CMP200 radio communication tester simplifies FiRa™ Consortium PHY conformance testing.

Jun 21, 2022

The R&S®CMX500 radio communication tester is ideal for testing the maximum possible IP throughput for mobile device transmitters and receivers.

Jun 13, 2022

An automated test solution based on the R&S®CMW wideband radio communication tester fully supports the new test cases for real-time submeter positioning.

Jun 10, 2022

Noise sources used for noise figure and gain measurements are typically controlled by the spectrum analyzer or noise figure meter instruments and are calibrated with their ENR value (Excess noise ratio). While this external control and the use of ENR values is common in noise figure test, it may be difficult in system applications where the noise source control is not available, and the use of ENR values is replaced with the values for the noise output power of the noise source. The calculation of the output power for the noise source requires to know the P_hot value (hot power) which is not a common specification for noise sources used in test and measurement applications.This application note describes a technique to perform a calibrated noise power measurement (P_hot) with spectrum analyzers and noise sources. The next sections will give further details.

May 31, 2022 | AN-No. 1EF113

RF performance measurements for Wi-Fi 7.

May 30, 2022

Electronic systems like electronic control units (ECU) must pass several stringent qualification tests in order to be approved for automotive use. These tests include a reverse polarity test which is specified as part of ISO 16750‑2. In line with the specification, the electronic module must withstand a negative supply voltage for a specific time without suffering any damage. The R&S®NGU401 source measurement unit (SMU) is ideal to perform this task, plus it provides automated testing capability.

May 23, 2022

本应用指南适用于直流电源 R&S®NGL200、R&S®NGM200、R&S®NGP800、R&S®NGU201 和 R&S®NGU401 以及 LCR 表 R&S®LCX100 和 R&S®LCX200。指南概述了这些罗德与施瓦茨仪器提供的基于以太网远程服务。这些服务包括仪器页面、VNC 远程控制和仪器与远程计算机之间的FTP 文件传输。应用指南指导如何设置仪器和远程计算机以使用这些服务。

5月 19, 2022 | AN-No. 1GP135

R&S®CMW500 和 R&S®SMBV100B 是适用于依据欧盟 2017/79 法规针对 eCall 和 ERA-Glonass 蜂窝调制解调器及其 GNSS 接收机进行机动车型认证测试测试的理想配置组合

5月 02, 2022

Testing radomes, bumpers, QAR50 Testing radomes and bumpers in all phases – from design to high-volume production Testing radomes, bumpers, QAR50 Testing radomes and bumpers in all phases – from design to high-volume production Testing radomes, bumpers, QAR50 Related products

Apr 21, 2022

在物理设备上连接模拟和测量

本应用指南以 MathWorks® 和罗德与施瓦茨的合作为基础。指南以射频功率放大器为例，重点介绍了非线性设备的线性化。指南展示了模拟以及罗德与施瓦茨仪器 R&S®SMW200A 和 R&S®FSW 的集成功能如何能与 MathWorks 工具 MATLAB/Simulink 的模拟功能相结合。指南旨在提供工具集以开发合适的建模和线性化方法，进而优化和验证功率放大器在运用复杂的宽带信号时或者用于 5G NR 或最新卫星链路时的行为。应用指南提供了 MATLAB/Simulink 代码示例和示例模块集，便于简单地复制和使用指南中描述的程序。

4月 20, 2022 | AN-No. 1SL383

Automating measurement setups is advantageous for multiple reasons. It saves time in case of repeated measurements and in hazardous environments, instruments can be operated from a distance. The measurements are repeatable because they are always performed with a defined procedure, leading to higher test confidence.But in remote control applications, users often perceive synchronization and binary transfers as challenging. Therefore, this application note focuses on binary transfer of data to and from the instrument and shows code example to demonstrate the ease of use.

Mar 31, 2022 | AN-No. 1SL381

The present R&S®SMW-K506 Interface Control Document contains information on► the R&S descriptor word format, including ARB descriptor words and control descriptor words in deterministic and instant mode► Timing requirements and limitations of the interface► Properties of the network interface (Connector designation: HS DIGIQ).It is intended for use by customers using descriptor words to control the R&S®SMW200A in real-time. The interface control document specifies the interface between the customer’s hardware used for provision of descriptor words and the R&S®SMW200A HS DIGIQ interface. Additional information on descriptor word processing inside the R&S®SMW200A is provided.

Mar 17, 2022 | AN-No. 1GP134

无源器件的阻抗取决于频率、信号电平和直流偏置。设计电路时必须考虑这一点。R&S®LCX LCR 表非常适合测量这些特性之间的相关性。R&S®LCX 扫描工具是一种应用程序，能够方便地执行这些扫描工作并在图表中显示结果。

3月 17, 2022

LCR 表 R&S®LCX100 和 R&S®LCX200 能够在宽频率范围内精确测量复阻抗和相应的分量值。动态阻抗测量方法适用于此类测量，并且可以扫描测试信号频率或测试信号电平和直流偏置等其他参数。本应用指南介绍了一种电脑软件工具，可以方便地设置扫描并在各种图表中显示结果。

3月 14, 2022 | AN-No. 1GP132

开放式无线接入网 (O-RAN) 持续演进，增强了无线接入网的开放、分解和灵活程度。O-RAN 无线电单元 (O-RU) 日益发展，需要符合 3GPP 和 O-RAN 标准。

2月 22, 2022

设计隔离开关电源 (SMPS) 时，高频变压器非常关键。使用定制变压器进行设计时，漏感至关重要，有助于控制效率、开关元件最大额定电压和电磁干扰 (EMI) 等多种设计参数。此寄生参数必须进行准确测量。R&S®LCX LCR 表非常适合这种极具挑战性的测量任务。

2月 15, 2022

Battery life time is usually one of the most important specifications for battery-powered devices. Depending on the application, life time requirements can range from tens of hours for typical wearables like smart watches to ten years for smart sensors. Understanding where and when energy is used in order to minimize power consumption is therefore key for any of these devices.The power consumption analysis tool was developed to make it easier for customers to analyze power consumption data collected with either the NGL, NGM or NGU power supplies from Rohde & Schwarz. It allows to easily capture power consumption data and analyze using basic measurements.

Jan 31, 2022 | AN-No. 1SL380

射频系统的噪声影响决定接收机的功能和灵敏度。噪声系数可衡量重要组件如何影响信号。

1月 28, 2022

Software tool for fast and repeatable optimization of signal analyzer RF front-end settings

The signal conditioning in the RF front-end of signal analyzers is crucial to achieve the best performance with respect to image-suppression, noise-floor, dynamic range and other RF-key parameters.Precise signal levelling is especially important for complex measurements like Error-Vector-Magnitude (EVM). To minimize the measurement uncertainty from test system contributions over a wide range of different levels, the RF front-end needs to be adapted continuously according to the signal characteristics, signal power and frequency - ideally using an automatic levelling algorithm.This document describes the approach of a waveform specific, on-site characterization of the signal analyzer: For each waveform and frequency of interest, the instrument is evaluated in a first step. With this additional data, a fast and repeatable auto-levelling can be performed during the actual measurement.

Jan 24, 2022 | AN-No. 1EF111

分析, 5G FR1 MIMO 信号, R&S®NRQ6, R&S®VSE 设计 5G 基站时，MIMO 层之间的相位差测量极具挑战。但是，R&S®NRQ6 选频功率探头和 R&S®VSE 信号分析软件能够轻松完成此类测量和分析任务。 使用 R&S®NRQ6 和 R&S®VSE 分析 5G FR1 MIMO 信号 分析, 5G FR1 MIMO 信号, R&S®NRQ6, R&S®VSE 设计 5G 基站时，MIMO 层之间的相位差测量极具挑战。但是，R&S®NRQ6 选频功率探头和 R&S®VSE 信号分析软件能够轻松完成此类测量和分析任务。 使用 R&S®NRQ6 和 R&S®VSE 分析 5G FR1 MIMO 信号 分析, 5G FR1 MIMO 信号, R&S®NRQ6, R&S®VSE 设计 5G 基站时，MIMO 层之间的相位差测量极具挑战。但是，R&S®NRQ6 选频功率探头和

1月 14, 2022

R&S®RTP, R&S®RTO, R&S®RTE, 示波器, 采集的波形数据, Python 如何使用 R&S®RTP、R&S®RTO 或 R&S®RTE 在 Python 环境中处理采集的波形数据。 使用 Python 处理采集的波形数据 R&S®RTP, R&S®RTO, R&S®RTE, 示波器, 采集的波形数据, Python 如何使用 R&S®RTP、R&S®RTO 或 R&S®RTE 在 Python 环境中处理采集的波形数据。 使用 Python 处理采集的波形数据 R&S®RTP, R&S®RTO, R&S®RTE, 示波器, 采集的波形数据, Python 如何使用 R&S®RTP、R&S®RTO 或 R&S®RTE 在 Python 环境中处理采集的波形数据。 相关产品

1月 12, 2022

本应用指南演示使用测量接收机校准信号发生器的信号输出电平。指南中介绍的方法为两步校准法。► 使用热功率探头（如 NRP50T）测量固定电平条件下信号源的绝对输出电平，并将测量读数输出到 FSMR。► 直接将 FSMR 连接至信号源，并扫描信号源的功率，然后在宽动态范围（涵盖低功率）执行输出功率校准。FSMR 的总体测量不确定度标称值为 < 0.015 dB +/- 0.005 dB/10 dB。在 1 GHz 条件下，功率测量范围为 -152 dBm 至 +30 dBm。校准准确性取决于此固有线性度。本应用指南中所用热功率探头 NRP50T 的绝对功率测量不确定度为 0.040 dB 至 0.143 dB。此流程可在多个频率条件下重复执行。FSMR 自动存储并管理校准值。FSMR 将存储校准所用的测量频率，只需重选这些频率即可自动调用。

12月 31, 2021 | AN-No. 1SL377

R&S®FSMR3000（以下简称为 FSMR）三合一仪器集成了测量接收机、信号与频谱分析仪以及相位噪声分析。本应用指南展示了使用配备互相关选件 R&S®FSWB60 的 FSMR 测量原始信号发生器 R&S®SMA100B 的相位噪声特性。与未使用互相关选件的测量相比，互相关相位噪声测量可将灵敏度提高 5 · log(n) dB。例如，使用 10 次相关的测量可将相位噪声基底改善 5 dB。

12月 31, 2021 | AN-No. 1SL376

噪声系数是用于描述电子设备噪声影响的重要参数。传统的噪声系数测量方法采用可通过切换“热”/“冷”状态以提供两种不同输入噪声功率的噪声源和噪声接收机（如频谱分析仪）。采用具有“冷源”的矢量网络分析仪方法则与此不同，无需使用噪声源。对被测设备进行冷源噪声功率测量和可用的增益测量，便足以确定设备的噪声系数。本应用指南描述了通过“冷源”方法使用 R&S®ZNA 矢量网络分析仪系列测量噪声系数。指南中提供了相关方程式以分析被测设备和一系列设备的噪声因子、噪声系数和噪声温度。应用指南通过测量示例指导用户了解设置噪声系数通道和执行噪声系数测量的完整流程。此外，指南还评估了各种测量选件，并指导用户了解每种选件的使用场景和方法以改善噪声系数结果。

12月 23, 2021 | AN-No. 1SL378

在进行飞行测试之前，需要先在实验室的射频环境中测试预警 (EW) 接收机以发现潜在问题。这可以减少成本和进度风险。飞行测试的每小时成本高达数万美元，必须提前数月制定计划。相比之下，尽管使用测试设备在射频环境中进行测试可能需要花费一定的前期成本，但能够长期模拟射频雷达威胁。本应用指南介绍了如何使用商用现成的 (COTS) 射频测试设备测试 EW 接收机的到达角 (AoA) 功能。相关主题包括场景创建、仪器设置和装置校准。在本指南中，我们将以雷达预警接收机 (RWR) 为例讨论通用 EW 接收机。

12月 22, 2021 | AN-No. 1GP125

对放大器等复杂被测设备进行常规的特性测量，需要测量若干参数。部分测量可能需要使用多个测试设备，或借助昂贵的测试装置。R&S®ZNL 是一款多功能经济型解决方案，能够通过网络分析和频谱分析对多种被测设备进行特性测量。

12月 17, 2021

本应用指南描述的应用程序提供了一种电池循环工具，可使用罗德与施瓦茨的双象限直流电源以用于电池样品。电池可反复充放电，并根据充电和放电容量收集开路电压、负载电压和内阻信息。此工具提供多种图表以显示收集的数据。它可用于测量电池样品的特性，并创建电池模型以用于 R&S®NGU201 和 R&S®NGM200 的电池模拟应用。此工具专为资深专家而提供。本应用指南未说明如何正确进行电池充放电。

12月 17, 2021 | AN-No. 1GP130

罗德与施瓦茨取得突破性进展并推出软件选件 RT-K133 和 RT-K134，能够更好地分离抖动和噪声。罗德与施瓦茨在 上展示了新算法的技术信息，并收到了关于新技术的大量正面反馈。但是，仍然存在一个基础问题。与当今市场上已有的解决方案相比，这种新算法效果如何？本应用指南介绍了各种抖动成分，并阐释了常用的抖动分离框架。最后，指南对比了不同的商业解决方案，并解释了用于实现分离结果而使用的波形和信号。对此有兴趣？阅读应用指南，了解罗德与施瓦茨发布的新抖动和噪声分离选件如何提供可靠、稳定的结果。如果您希望自行评估各种解决方案，可以注册并下载波形文件。

12月 08, 2021 | AN-No. 1SL375